ABSTRACT Non-destructive tests that use the principle of wave propagation have the potential to predict the mechanical properties of wood while still in the field, if the variables of this process are known. This work aimed to estimate the modulus of elasticity to static bending of Eucalyptus sp. wood, using two non-destructive techniques: ultrasound and stress wave. For this, 60 specimens with nominal dimensions of 2.5 x 2.5 x 57.5 cm (tangential x radial x longitudinal) were used, being in equilibrium humidity. The non-destructive tests were carried out using an ultrasound and a stress wave equipment, while the destructive static bending tests were carried out in a universal testing machine. The experimental results showed that the elastic modulus obtained by the non-destructive techniques were superior to that obtained by the destructive technique. The adjusted mathematical models presented standard error of the estimate (Syx) of 11.39 and 10.78%. There was a positive mean correlation between the static and dynamic module. Stress wave and ultrasound techniques can be used to estimate the modulus of elasticity of Eucalyptus sp.

RESUMO Os ensaios não destrutivos que utilizam o princípio de propagação de ondas têm potencial para predizer as propriedades mecânicas da madeira ainda em campo, se conhecida as variáveis deste processo. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de estimar o módulo de elasticidade à flexão estática da madeira de Eucalyptus sp., por meio de duas técnicas não destrutivas: ultrassom e stress wave. Para tal foram usados 60 corpos de provas com dimensões nominais de 2,5 x 2,5 x 57,5 cm (tangencial x radial x longitudinal), estando na umidade de equilíbrio. Os testes não destrutivos foram realizados por meio de um equipamento de ultrassom e um de ondas de tensão, enquanto que os testes destrutivos de flexão estática foram realizados em uma máquina universal de ensaios. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que os módulos de elasticidade obtidos pelas técnicas não destrutivas foram superiores à obtida pela técnica destrutiva. Os modelos matemáticos ajustados apresentaram erro padrão da estimativa (Syx) de 11,39 e 10,78%. Logo, houve correlação média positiva entre o módulo estático e dinâmico. As técnicas de ondas de tensão e ultrassom podem ser empregadas com o intuito de estimar o módulo de elasticidade da madeira de Eucalyptus sp.

Abstract Geoprocessing techniques are generally applied in natural disaster risk management due to their ability to integrate and visualize different sets of geographic data. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of classification and regression tree (CART) to assess fire risk. MCD45A1 product of the burnt area, relative to a 16-year period (2000-2015) was used to obtain a fire occurrence map, from center points of the raster, using a kernel density approach. The resulting map was then used as a response variable for CART analysis with fire influence variables used as predictors. A total of 12 predictors were determined from several databases, including environmental, physical, and socioeconomic aspects. Rules generated by the regression process allowed to of define different risk levels, expressed in 35 management units, and used to produce a fire prediction map. Results of the regression process (r = 0.94 and r² = 0.88) demonstrate the capability of the CART algorithm in highlighting hierarchical relationships among predictors, while the model’s easy interpretability provides a solid basis for decision making. This methodology can be expanded in other environmental risk analysis studies and applied to any area of the globe on a regional scale.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to estimate the basic density of Eucalyptus sp. wood, using the non-destructive ultrasound technique. For this, 113 specimens with nominal dimensions of 2.5 x 2.5 x 57.5 cm (tangential x radial x longitudinal) were used, being in equilibrium humidity. To perform the density estimation, the three-dimensional model that governs the propagation of longitudinal waves in isotropic solids was used. The input variables of the model were determined, being the longitudinal modulus of elasticity by static bending, the Poisson's ratio by numerical methods and the propagation velocity of the ultrasound wave by a non-destructive ultrasound testing equipment. The basic density was also obtained by the hydrostatic balance method as a reference value. The actual average basic density was 595.40 kg.m-3 and the estimated one was 591.21 kg.m-3. The estimated value had a strong correlation with the observed value with r =0.89. The estimation by the three-dimensional model showed a low error with an RMSE of 6.50% and a bias of 0.59%. The estimation of the basic density using this method obtained good precision, being similar to the resistography technique.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve o objetivo de estimar a densidade básica da madeira de Eucalyptus sp., por meio da técnica não destrutiva de ultrassom. Para tal foram usados 113 corpos de provas com dimensões nominais de 2,5 x 2,5 x 57,5 cm (tangencial x radial x longitudinal), estando na umidade de equilíbrio. Para realizar a estimação da densidade, foi usado o modelo tridimensional que rege a propagação de ondas longitudinais em sólidos isotrópicos. Foram determinadas as variáveis de entrada do modelo, sendo o módulo de elasticidade longitudinal por flexão estática, o coeficiente de Poisson por métodos numéricos e a velocidade de propagação da onda de ultrassom por um equipamento de ensaios não destrutivos de ultrassom. Também foi obtida a densidade básica pelo método da balança hidrostática como valor de referência. A densidade básica média real foi de 595,40 kg.m-3 e a estimada de 591,21 kg.m-3. O valor estimado teve forte correlação com o valor observado com r = 0,89. A estimação pelo modelo tridimensional apresentou baixo erro com RMSE de 6,50% e viés de 0,59%. A estimação da densidade básica empregando este método obteve boa precisão, sendo semelhante à técnica de resistografia.

Abstract Fire risk mapping is a basic planning and protection element. This study presents the application of fuzzy logic in a geographic information system (GIS) as an alternative multi-criteria analysis for determining the areas of highest risk of forest fire in natural forest remnants in the Brazil. In the decision-making process, a set of factors that are relevant to fire safety were identified in the study area. For each input variable chosen for the model, a pertinence function was defined that best described its influence on fire risk. Subsequently, the variables were combined for the presentation of the final fire risk map. Concluded in the study that an increased risk of fire occurs at the wildland - urban interface. A strong relationship was observed between the fire ignition points and proximity to roads and urban areas. The proposed model was efficient to integrate the variables and determine areas of greatest risk.

ABSTRACT This research was conducted in wood harvesting and transportation areas in the mountainous region of Espírito Santo, Brazil, aiming to analyze the road transportation of forestry wood operations with self-loading trucks. The study identified and evaluated the times, average speed, mechanical availability, level of use and operating efficiency of three different designs of self-loading trucks. According to the results, there was no statistical difference between the vehicles regarding average speed. The highest mechanical availability was found in truck A (93.2%), followed by B (84.3%) and C (79.8%). The greater degree of utilization was found in truck B (91.8%), with little variation between vehicles C (90.0%) and A (89.9%). The highest operating efficiency was observed in truck A (83.9%), followed by B (77.4%) and C (71.8%). We concluded that self-loading truck A was the most efficient.